TASK 3 ELEMENT AND PRINCIPLE OF DESIGN
Line
LINE is straight or curved, heavy or light, soft or hard or a mixture of them all .
LINE can characterise a shape by being the edge of an area or surface, colour, tone or pattern – it becomes an outline or contour.
LINE can show MOVEMENT .
LINE can suggest RHYTHM .
LINE can create TEXTURAL results .
LINE can indicate EMOTIONAL effects .
Shape
SHAPE can be bordered by a LINE .
SHAPE can be defined by COLOUR, TEXTURE or TONE.
SHAPE can suggest movement or emotions .
SHAPE in 3-D is called FORM .
SHAPE can be sharp and clear or hazy and suggesting something.
SHAPE can be NEGATIVE or POSITIVE .
Colour
COLOUR is an element of design with endless variety .
COLOUR is a mixture of 3 primary colours, red, yellow and blue .
SECONDARY COLOURS are a mix of 2 primary colours, orange, green and purple.
TERTIARY COLOURS are a mix of the 3 primary colours, red, yellow and blue. Many different colours can be made by changing the amount of primary colours used.
Colour has TEMPERATURE – reds and oranges feel warm like the sun or desert. Cooler colours like blues and greens go more with water and ice.
INTENSITY of colour is its strength and purity.
HUE is the quality that separates one colour from another .
TONE VALUE is the degree of lightness or darkness of a colour, yellow is light, blue is dark.
TINTS are made by adding white to a colour .
SHADES are made by adding black to a colour .
ANALOGOUS COLOURS are hues lying near each other on the colour wheel, red-orange, red-purple.
COMPLIMENTARY COLOURS are hues opposite each other on the colour wheel, red and green, purple and yellow .
DISCORD is where opposite colours are together and one is a tint, so that the original tone of the hue is different.
Tone
TONE is light and dark. Light reveals, shows the world to us, and shadow gives meaning to the things we see .
TONE can give solidity, volume and weight to an image
TONE gives the impression of distance. Darker tones come forward and lighter tones go back into the image .
TONE can give emotion to an image. Highly contrasting tones give life and energy, softer tones give a gentle mood.
TONE can create rhythm, with the eyes jumping from one dark tone to another .
TONE is the property of colour. Yellow is light, blue is dark .
TONE in sculpture is the way it catches the light, so that sharp changes are made by deep corners, and gentle ones by smooth gradual changes
Texture
TEXTURE is the part of the surface that can be felt or seen .
TEXTURE is concerned with touch, how something feels .
TEXTURE can be rough, smooth, spiky, soft, velvety, regular or irregular .
TEXTURE can suggest emotions by linking with the memory of how things feel .
TEXTURE can be real, the surface is actually rough or smooth or it can be suggested by the way the surface is treated.
Direction
DIRECTION is about how our eyes move around the artwork.
DIRECTION can be horizontal, vertical, curved, sloped or straight .
DIRECTION can suggest movement by the speed at which it is changed.
DIRECTION can be balanced to give stability or imbalanced to give tension
DIRECTION can have an emotional impact. Using rapid changes in direction or use of diagonals, can cause anxiety while horizontals and verticals bring about calm.
Size
SIZE is about the bigness or smallness of an area .
SIZE can give space, it can make closer objects appear larger and make distant objects appear smaller.
SIZE can be given by comparing one element that is larger or smaller than the other .
SIZE can make a particular element look important
Balance
Balance is the concept of visual equilibrium, and relates to our physical sense of balance. It is a reconciliation of opposing forces in a composition that results in visual stability. Most successful compositions achieve balance in one of two ways: symmetrically or asymmetrically. Balance in a three dimensional object is easy to understand; if balance isn't achieved, the object tips over. To understand balance in a two dimensional composition, we must use our imaginations to carry this three dimensional analogy forward to the flat surface.
Proportion
Proportion refers to the relative size and scale of the various elements in a design. The issue is the relationship between objects, or parts, of a whole. This means that it is necessary to discuss proportion in terms of the context or standard used to determine proportions.
Unity
According to Alex White, author of The Element of Graphic Design, to achieve visual unity is a main goal of graphic design. When all elements are in agreement, a design is considered unified. No individual part is viewed as more important than the whole design. A good balance between unity and variety must be established to avoid a chaotic or a lifeless design.
REPETITION
Repetition with variation is interesting, without variation repetition can become monotonous.
Repetition with variation is interesting, without variation repetition can become monotonous.

The five squares above are all the same. They can be taken in and understood with a single glance.

When variation is introduced, the five squares, although similar, are much more interesting to look at. They can no longer be absorbed properly with a single glance. The individual character of each square needs to be considered.
If you wish to create interest, any repeating element should include a degree of variation.
CONTRAST
Contrast is the juxtaposition of opposing elements eg. opposite colours on the colour wheel - red / green, blue / orange etc. Contrast in tone or value - light / dark. Contrast in direction - horizontal / vertical.
The major contrast in a painting should be located at the center of interest. Too much contrast scattered throughout a painting can destroy unity and make a work difficult to look at. Unless a feeling of chaos and confusion are what you are seeking, it is a good idea to carefully consider where to place your areas of maximum contrast.
Contrast is the juxtaposition of opposing elements eg. opposite colours on the colour wheel - red / green, blue / orange etc. Contrast in tone or value - light / dark. Contrast in direction - horizontal / vertical.
The major contrast in a painting should be located at the center of interest. Too much contrast scattered throughout a painting can destroy unity and make a work difficult to look at. Unless a feeling of chaos and confusion are what you are seeking, it is a good idea to carefully consider where to place your areas of maximum contrast.
HARMONY
Harmony in painting is the visually satisfying effect of combining similar, related elements. eg.adjacent colours on the colour wheel, similar shapes etc.
Harmony in painting is the visually satisfying effect of combining similar, related elements. eg.adjacent colours on the colour wheel, similar shapes etc.
EMPHASIS
An area of an artwork that catches and holds the viewers attention, it is what you notice first about an artwork. The area usually has contrasting sizes, shapes, colors, or other distinctive features that draw your eye to that part of the artwork. The part of the artwork that has been emphasized shows its importance to the artwork.
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